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Savoia-Marchetti SM.81
The Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 ''Pipistrello'' (Italian: bat) was the first three-engine bomber/transport aircraft serving in the Italian ''Regia Aeronautica''.〔Angelucci and Matricardi 1978, p. 188.〕 When it appeared in 1935, it represented a real step ahead in Italian military aviation: it was fast, well armed and had a long range.〔 It proved effective during the war with Ethiopia and the Spanish Civil War.〔 Despite being too slow to remain competitive as a bomber in the later years of World War II, it was one of the most flexible, reliable and important aircraft of the ''Regia Aeronautica'' from 1935-1944, and adapted to second-line duties in a wide range of tasks.
==Design and development==
The SM.81 was a militarised version of Savoia-Marchetti's earlier SM.73 airliner, having cantilever wings, three engines and a fixed undercarriage. The origins of this version were in pursuit of the interests of Italo Balbo, a brilliant exponent of the Fascist regime (but nevertheless "exiled" in Libya by Mussolini), who required a fast and efficient aircraft that was capable of serving the vast Italian colonies in Africa.
The SM.81 had wings that were roughly similar to those of the double-fuselage S.55, and identical to those of the S.73, but had a much simpler fuselage. Around six months after the SM.73s first appearance, the SM.81 prototype (''MM.20099'') first flew from Vergiate, near Varese, on 8 February 1935, controlled by test pilot Adriano Bacula.〔Passingham 1977, p.182.〕 The first ''serie'', ordered in 1935, was for 100 aircraft and was quickly put into production as a result of the international crisis and the embargo caused by the war in Ethiopia. The first examples were sent to 7 Wing at Campo della Promessa airbase near Lonate Pozzolo.
Although it was quickly superseded as a front-line bomber, the SM.81 continued to serve as a transport by virtue of its wide fuselage, which allowed it to accommodate a wide range of armament. Apart from its speed, it was generally superior to the SM.79 ''Sparviero'' as a bomber and multirole aircraft.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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